Vectorization

Editor's note: This page has been set up as a collaboration and design specification for the proposal to include vectorization support in the x86 and x86_64 variant of the FPC (using SSE or AVX to reduce the number of instructions, and hence the execution speed, required to encode functionality). Eventually, this page can be converted into a guide to the optimizer once vectorization is at least partially supported. —CuriousKit (talk) 22:52, 11 December 2017 (CET)

Vector types

As of , only static arrays of singles or doubles are considered vector types, but they are unaligned unless enforced by additional compiler directives. Dynamic arrays and pointers to singles or doubles are currently not considered to be vectors.

Loop optimization

Coupled with loop unrolling, it is possible to theoretically reduce the number of cycles by a factor of four or eight, depending on if SSE2 or AVX2 is used. It depends on the code contained within the loop, but if it utilizes only relatively simple arithmetic and pointer movement (e.g. reading and writing sequentially from/to an array), then it might be vectorized with relatively great ease.

For example:

var
    input0, input1, output: array of cardinal;
    x: integer;

begin
    assert(length(input0) = length(input1));
    SetLength(output, length(input0));
    
    for x := 0 to length(input0)-1 do
    begin
        output[x] := input0[x] * input1[x];
    end;
end;

While the size of the inputs is not immediately known, it can be seen that the array sizes do not change within the loop and hence length(input0) is constant. Visualizing how the compiler might evaluate the code, it could be internally changed to the following:

var
    input0, input1, output: array of cardinal;
    x, arrayLen: integer;

begin
    assert(length(input0) = length(input1));
    SetLength(output, length(input0));
    
    arrayLen := length(input0) div 4;
    
    for x := 0 to arrayLen - 1 do
    begin
        output[4 * x + 0] := input0[4 * x + 0] * input1[4 * x + 0];
        output[4 * x + 1] := input0[4 * x + 1] * input1[4 * x + 1];
        output[4 * x + 2] := input0[4 * x + 2] * input1[4 * x + 2];
        output[4 * x + 3] := input0[4 * x + 3] * input1[4 * x + 3];
    end;
    
    // Handle leftover array entries individually
    // (count = length(input0) mod 4).
end;

As such, the four statements in the converted for-loop can be easily assembled into SSE2 opcodes (although pmulld is SSE4.1), even with potentially unaligned memory. For example:

    lea    r8,  output[0]           ; r8  := @output
    lea    r9,  input0[0]           ; r9  := @input0
    lea    r10, input1[0]           ; r10 := @input1
    
    mov    ecx, input0_len          ; Calculate length(input0), a function call, beforehand and store in ecx
    xor    rbx, rbx                 ; rbx := 0 - this is our index array
    
    shr    ecx, 2                   ; Divide the length by 4, since we're processing 4 values at once.
    jz     @loop_exit               ; Don't enter loop if the length is less than 4
    
@vectorized_loop:
    movdqu xmm0, [r9  + rbx * 4]    ; Take 4 DWords from input0 and store in xmm0
    pmulld xmm0, [r10 + rbx * 4]    ; xmm0 := xmm0[0..3] * (input1)^[0..3]
    movdqu [r8 + rbx * 4], xmm0     ; Store result in output.
    
    inc    rbx                      ; increment index
    dec    ecx
    ja     @vectorized_loop         ; if ecx > 0 then repeat loop with incremented index
    
@loop_exit:
        ; Handle last few entries separately (count = input0_len mod 4)

Further optimizations can be achieved, for example, by performing two reads, multiplies and writes per loop cycle, taking advantage of the fact that modern processors have more than one SIMD port to send instructions to.

See also

• Free Pascal Programmer's Guide, Chapter 5: “Intel MMX support”
• Unit mmx

From the Free Pascal wiki, page "Vectorization", as it stood on 2023-09-20 after a change by RogueScholar, out of the wiki's dump of 2024-05-26. Copyright stays with the author who wrote it, according to the old wiki's Licensing page. If you have concerns about this material, message the admin.