Nil

The reserved word nil represents the special value of a pointer variable not pointing anywhere in particular. In FPC it is implemented as pointer(0) (the numeric value 0), however the programmer is not supposed to use this fact. In other programming languages, e. g. in C, you write null. The terms “null pointer” and “nil pointer” are used interchangeably, even among Pascal programmers.

There are two popular explanations of nil’s etymology. One says, nil is short for the Latin word “nihil” meaning “nothing”. The other suggests, NIL is an English acronym standing for “not in list.” Maybe, since the German word „Null“ stands for the digit “zero”, and in order to avoid confusion, or to distinguish between the concept and value, the word nil was chosen. At any rate, this does not have any implications while programming.

Assignment compatibility

nil can be of course assigned to a pointer variable, but also to other types, which are in fact pointers, but their usage is more convenient. For instance dynamic arrays or classes:

program nilDemo(input, output, stderr);
var
    loc: pointer;
    chk: array of boolean;
    msg: PChar;
    prc: TProcedure;
    obj: TObject;
begin
    // point to nothing
    loc := nil;
    // clears dynamic array
    chk := nil;
    // empty string
    msg := nil;
    // procedural variable not referencing any procedure
    prc := nil;
    // loses reference to object
    obj := nil;
end.

Note, assigning nil to a dynamic array is virtually equivalent to the procedure invocation setLength(dynamicArrayVariable, 0). The values of the array are lost, if the reference count of dynamicArrayVariable has hit zero. However, there is no comparable mechanism for other types, e. g. assigning nil to a class or pointer variable will not release (i. e. de-allocate) the memory that is possibly been occupied by the referenced structure.

Application

In Pascal you usually do not write expressions like pointerVariable =: nil but use more explanatory identifiers. The function system.assigned will be replaced by the exact same expression, but conceals the fact a variable is (implemented as) a pointer. So its usage is optional.

The routine SysUtils.FreeAndNil will call a class’s free routine and assign nil to the handed pointer (variable of type class). Although it is a good idea, to clear pointers which do not point to valid objects anymore, this can make debugging more difficult since there is no pointer available pointing to the address at which a certain object used to be.

See also

• [[^]]
• system.returnNilIfGrowHeapFails
• {$objectChecks on}
• nullable types

From the Free Pascal wiki, page "Nil", as it stood on 2022-01-20 after a change by Kai Burghardt, out of the wiki's dump of 2024-05-26. Copyright stays with the author who wrote it, according to the old wiki's Licensing page. If you have concerns about this material, message the admin.