Getting translation strings right/es: what changed

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1	1		Esta página contiene algunas notas básicas acerca de como traducir cadenas de forma correcta desde el principio, desde el punto de vista de los escritores originales (e.g. muy a menudo programadores).
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3	3		"Para hacer lo correcto" en este contexto, significa que las cadenas de traducción se han preparado apropiadamente para una traducción lo más aproximada posible, y que la versión original se ha adaptado a los requerimientos básicos para su uso.
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5	5		Aunque se trata de que sea lo más neutral posible al lenguaje, hay de hecho una ligera tendencia al inglés en particular. Sentiros libres para extender o descartalas a lo que no sea aplicable a vuestra situación (¿y puede que también las añadais a esta página?).
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7	7		### General
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9	9		Para evitar problemas, simplemente asegúrate de que las cadenas originales están correctas en primer lugar - hay algunas razones para hacer esto:
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11	11		- Las cadenas originalmente se utilizan habitualmente como traducciones por defecto, creando una mala impresión al usuario final que suele utilizar las cadenas por defecto.
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13	13		- Incluso peor, esto hace el trabajo del traductor innecesariamente duro: tendrá más problemas al trasladar la información original a otro lenguaje.Simplemente recuerda el principio "Basura de entrada, Basura de salida" que se aplica aquí perfectamente.
14	14
15	15		#### Asegúrate de que las cadenas en tu lenguaje original están impecables, claras y consistentes
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17	17		Given the above, please find some tips when writing messages/strings for user consumption.
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19	19		Trata de asegurarte de que tu ortografía sea correcta - utiliza un diccionario si no estás seguro.
20	20
21	21		Utiliza frases comprensibles y bien conocidas para la situación que se quiere describir, de una manera consistente. Si no tienes la seguridad de que sea la interpretación correcta , prueba a poner otros programas en la misma situación y examina sus respuestas. La literatura y ficheros de ayuda son además frecuentemente un buen recurso para acertar con frases o términos especiales, o incidencias de estilo.
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23	23		Prueba a ser consistente también a la hora de escoger las frases. Por ejemplo las preguntas:
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25		-	~~`Delete the file?`\~~
26		-	~~`Erase the file?`\~~
27		-	~~`Remove the file?`\~~
28		-	~~`Wipe the file?`\~~
29		-	~~`Zap the file?`~~
	25	+	```text
	26	+	Delete the file?
	27	+	Erase the file?
	28	+	Remove the file?
	29	+	Wipe the file?
	30	+	Zap the file?
	31	+	```
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31	33		tienen todas un significado similar, pero cuando se utilizan de manera intercambiable, los lectores pueden empezar a probar e inventar un (no existente) significado cada distinta terminología.
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33	35		Los traductores son especiamente muy propensos a cometer este error, dado que a menudo desconocen el contexto exacto de un mensaje en particular (e.g. información sobre el mensaje original) y pueden interpretar variaciones de palabras como indicación de diferencias importantes y estará tentado de utilizar traducciones poco comunes y por tanto malas traducciones.
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35	37		Un montón de software de traducción (e.g Virtaal) te puede ayudar de dos maneras:
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37	39		- Tiene una memoria de traducción que te permite recordar todas las cadenas (strings) ya traducidas y ayudarte a traducir términos consistentemente.
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39	41		- Te muestra como se encuentran traducidas las cadenas en otros softwares de código abierto, ofreciéndote las formas más frecuentemente utilizadas.
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41	43		Especially for error messages to the user: try to describe the problem itself in appropriate words. This is never the state of the program which led to the error message. This is only useful for the person debugging the program, but not for the user. Users will either simply shrug their shoulders and ignore it in the best case, or choose another program in the worst case because without a proper problem description the user will not be able to fix the problem and continue his work - all that only because the program was not able to give a proper problem description.
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43	45		Give (easily) understandable descriptions. Do not try to impress your audience with foreign or very technical words only for telling that the current work has not yet been saved if not really necessary.
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45	47		Especially try to avoid multiple negations within a single sentence in your wordings, they are nearly always harder to read than their non-negated counterparts. An example could be
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47		-	~~`This component can not be dropped on non-TControls.`~~
	49	+	```text
	50	+	This component can not be dropped on non-TControls.
	51	+	```
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49	53		which, in its non-negated form
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51		-	~~`This component can only be dropped on TControls.`~~
	55	+	```text
	56	+	This component can only be dropped on TControls.
	57	+	```
52	58
53	59		is certainly easier to read and understand.
54	60
55	61		### Technical issues
56	62
57	63		In this section a short overview of technical issues, basically an overview of existing possibilites are given. These include the resourcestring construct, GNU gettext() and the format() function.
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59	65		#### Resourcestrings, and GNU gettext
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61	67		Free Pascal has some built-in language constructs for providing a way of handling constant strings. There is a special section of a unit called "resourcestring" which was specifically introduced for this reason. See the appropriate section of the FPC manual (prog.pdf, pg. 89ff or [here](http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/prog/progch9.html#x184-1870009)) for the details.
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63	69		GNU gettext is a special set of utilities to provide translations for your programs, see the FPC manual once more (prog.pdf, pg. 91ff or [here](http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/prog/progse41.html#x210-2130009.4)).
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65	71		> Note: GNU gettext has a conceptual flaw which does not allow mapping of a single original string to multiple translated strings, be aware of that.
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67	73		#### ResourceStrings in the IDE
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69	75		- Lazarus has a tool to easily create resourcestrings from string constants. See [[IDE Window: Make ResourceString\|Make ResourceString]]
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71	77		- For each resourcestring section FPC creates a .rst file, but there are no editor for these files. Lazarus can automatically create .po files of the .rst files. There are a lot of tools to edit .po files (e.g. kbabel).
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73	79		To enable creating the .po files for a package do the following:
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75		-	~~` * Create a sub directory 'languages' (or 'locale', or whatever)`\~~
76		-	` * Open the package. Then Options -> IDE Integration -> Directory of .po files set to ``languages`
	81	+	```text
	82	+	* Create a sub directory 'languages' (or 'locale', or whatever)
	83	+	* Open the package. Then Options -> IDE Integration -> Directory of .po files set to languages
	84	+	```
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78	86		The next time you compile the package, the IDE will create the .po files.
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80	88		> Note: The .rst files must belong to package units. Otherwise the IDE ignores foreign .rst files.
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82	90		The same works for projects. The directory is set in Project -\> Project Options -\> IDE Integration -\> Directory of .po files.
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84	92		- To create a German translation: copy the unit1.po file to unit1.de.po. Then use a text editor or a .po Editor to translate all strings.
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86	94		- The IDE will automatically load .po files for installed packages, if they exists. For example see lazarus/components/projecttemplates/languages/.
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88	96		- ToDo: Implement and document updating the translated .po files when new resourcestrings are added.
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90	98		- ToDo: Implement and document collecting all .po files of statically linked packages.
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92	100		#### ResourceStrings in your Application
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94	102		You can load the .po files at initialization to translate the resourcestrings. Add this to your .lpr file:
95	103
96	104		``` pascal
97	105		...
98	106		uses
99	107		...
100	108		Translations, LazUTF8;
101	109
102	110		procedure TranslateLCL;
103	111		var
104	112		PODirectory, Lang, FallbackLang: String;
105	113		begin
106	114		PODirectory:='/path/to/lazarus/lcl/languages/';
107	115		Lang:='';
108	116		FallbackLang:='';
109	117		LazGetLanguageIDs(Lang,FallbackLang); // in unit LazUTF8
110	118		Translations.TranslateUnitResourceStrings('LCLStrConsts',
111	119		PODirectory+'lclstrconsts.%s.po',Lang,FallbackLang);
112	120		// ... add here a TranslateUnitResourceStrings call for every po file ...
113	121		end;
114	122
115	123		begin
116	124		TranslateLCL;
117	125		Application.Initialize;
118	126		Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1);
119	127		Application.Run;
120	128		end.
121	129		```
122	130
123	131		> Note: for Mac OS X: The supported language IDs should be added into the application bundle property list to CFBundleLocalizations key, see lazarus.app/Contents/Info.plist for example.
124	132
125	133		#### The format() function
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127	135		To not only allow completely static strings in translations, you can use the [[doc:rtl/sysutils/format.html\|format()]] method of the sysutils unit. It is able to replace placeholders within a given text by their actual value given as secondary parameter in a set.
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129	137		Por ejemplo:
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131		-	~~`format('Mañana ``%0:s`` ``%1:s`` el sol. ', [``'Domingo``', ``'brillará``']);`~~
	139	+	```text
	140	+	format('Mañana %0:s %1:s el sol. ', ['Domingo', 'brillará']);
	141	+	```
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133	143		retornara
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135		-	~~`Mañana ``Domingo`` ``brillará`` el sol`~~
	145	+	```text
	146	+	Mañana Domingo brillará el sol
	147	+	```
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137	149		In this case the %0:s is a placeholder para el primer argumento (index 0) in the set of actual values (Sunshine), and likewise %1:s. For an exact definition of the allowed placeholders and their syntax see the FPC reference manual.
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139	151		Some guidelines for the usage of the format() function
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141	153		- Try to use indexed placeholders in the original strings, even if they are optional. When used, they allow the translator to move the arguments easily within the sentence allowing him more natural expressions (and actually sometimes moving sentence parts is required to create proper sentences in that language).
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143	155		- Never compose a sentence out of more than one string. Always use the format() method from the sysutils unit to construct the correct string using placeholders during runtime. Translators will usually not be able to reconstruct the whole sentence, therefore not able to give a good translation; only consider that there are often hundreds of such strings within a single translation database...
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145	157		- Do not format using whitespaces. Simply move your label to the appropriate position in the first place. There may be problems with font changes, and seemingly superfluous spaces will be in danger of being trimmed by the translator.
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147	159		> Note: ~~Since format() does not interpret escaped control characters (e.g. like C's "\n", "\t", etc) and GNU gettext for any reason being the translation system of choice (and the tools based on it not being able to interpret non-escaped control characters), it is required to programmatically insert linebreaks.~~In the current lazarus version, "\n" and "\t" in translated strings are replaced by newline and tab.
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149	161		#### Convirtiendo la traducción al código de caracteres correcto
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151	163		Por ejemplo: convirtiendo un fichero de ISO-8859-1 a UTF-8:
152	164
153		-	~~` iconv --from-code=ISO-8859-1 --to-code=UTF-8 oldfile.po > nuevofichero.po`~~
	165	+	```text
	166	+	iconv --from-code=ISO-8859-1 --to-code=UTF-8 oldfile.po > nuevofichero.po
	167	+	```
154	168
155	169		No olvidarse de cambiar la línea:
156	170
157		-	~~` "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1\n"`~~
	171	+	``` pascal
	172	+	"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1\n"
	173	+	```
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159	175		por
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161		-	~~` "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF8\n"`~~
	177	+	``` pascal
	178	+	"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF8\n"
	179	+	```
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163	181		### English related
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165	183		This section contains notes which particularly apply when using English as the base language for translations.
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167	185		- Make sure to reserve enough space where the text is output: English is a language in which texts are almost always shorter (in characters) than their respective translations, so plan ahead by reserving enough space. Experience shows that very short strings of a few characters length often almost double in size; this difference decreases as the strings get longer.
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169	187		- Avoid abbreviations in English; in addition to the fact that this shortens the already short strings even more, there are severe problems with e.g. languages that use ideographic characters where these abbreviations simply do not exist at all.
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171	189		- Since this is often an issue: In English punctuation marks (full stop, comma, ...) are part of the previous words, or form some sort of words themselves if there is no previous word (in case of an enumeration). Especially after a semicolon there should always be a trailing space.
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173		-	~~`There was an error ! Please check file settings , compiler settings,... to fix this issue.`~~
	191	+	```text
	192	+	There was an error ! Please check file settings , compiler settings,... to fix this issue.
	193	+	```
174	194
175	195		has horrible punctuation and therefore simply looks bad and is harder to read than usual. Consider that common line break algorithms break the line on whitespaces, possibly resulting in a single stop at the beginning of a line...
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177		-	~~`There was an error! Please check file settings, compiler settings, ... to fix this issue.`~~
	197	+	```text
	198	+	There was an error! Please check file settings, compiler settings, ... to fix this issue.
	199	+	```
178	200
179	201		would probably be okay only considering punctuation.
180	202
181	203		### See also
182	204
183	205		- [[Translations / i18n / localizations for programs]]
184	206		- [[Lazarus Documentation\|Translating/Internationalization/Localization]]
185	207		- [[Step-by-step instructions for creating multi-language applications]]
186	208
187	209		---
188	210		From the Free Pascal wiki, page "Getting translation strings right/es", as it stood on 2020-02-16 after a change by Trev, out of the wiki's dump of 2024-05-26. Copyright stays with the author who wrote it, according to the old wiki's [[Licensing]] page. If you have concerns about this material, [message the admin](/wiki-contact).

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